Maths
55 skills8 concepts
Algebra, Data handling, Fractions, decimals, and percentages, Geometry, Measurement, Number, Problem solving, Ratio and proportion
Awaiting publishable question classifications
Paper skill evidence
11+ past paper skills and difficulty by year
Read question by questionWe read every question in every paper and note which skill it tests and how demanding it is. Practice materials and real past papers are kept apart, because a practice book tells you what publishers make, and a past paper tells you what a school actually asked.
- papers read
- 270
- different skills found
- 141
- years of practice material
- 13
- years of real exams
- 12
Which skills come up most often
Every question in every paper we have read, sorted by the skill it asks for. Pick a subject to see the eight skills that take up the most of a paper, and how hard those questions tend to be.
Based on 132 papers and 4,392 questions. 51 of those papers carry no publication year, so they appear here but not in the year-by-year charts further down.
- Easier questions
- Middling questions
- Harder questions
| Skill | Topic | Share of questions | Questions | Papers it appeared in | Easier | Middling | Harder |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solve a multi-step problem | Problem solving | 19.7% | 866.7 | 116 of 132 | 17.2 | 386.4 | 463.1 |
| Calculate a whole-number operation | Number | 5.3% | 231.9 | 71 of 132 | 81.9 | 132.4 | 17.6 |
| Evaluate a mixed expression | Number | 5.1% | 223.2 | 74 of 132 | 45 | 139.3 | 38.9 |
| Multiply whole numbers or decimals | Number | 4.9% | 215.8 | 86 of 132 | 87.2 | 105.6 | 23.1 |
| Divide whole numbers or decimals | Number | 4.4% | 194.9 | 87 of 132 | 91.2 | 92.3 | 11.3 |
| Continue a number sequence | Number | 4.2% | 183.6 | 69 of 132 | 60.8 | 96 | 26.8 |
| Evaluate an algebraic expression | Algebra | 3.3% | 144.2 | 44 of 132 | 34 | 65 | 45.2 |
| Subtract whole numbers or decimals | Number | 3.2% | 142.2 | 88 of 132 | 91.9 | 47.0 | 3.3 |
| Add whole numbers or decimals | Number | 3.2% | 139.1 | 76 of 132 | 93.1 | 40.5 | 5.5 |
| Compare and order numbers | Number | 3.1% | 136.5 | 66 of 132 | 64 | 61.3 | 11.2 |
| Calculate area | Measurement | 2.9% | 128.4 | 86 of 132 | 12 | 78.2 | 38.3 |
| Solve a one-step number problem | Number | 2.6% | 113.6 | 59 of 132 | 63.2 | 43.4 | 7 |
| Calculate a duration | Measurement | 2.5% | 110.9 | 70 of 132 | 28 | 74.3 | 8.6 |
| Convert units | Measurement | 2.5% | 110 | 62 of 132 | 52 | 48.9 | 9.1 |
| Identify a shape property | Geometry | 2.2% | 94.9 | 44 of 132 | 21 | 52.6 | 21.3 |
| Solve an angle relation | Geometry | 2.1% | 91.2 | 57 of 132 | 10 | 68.7 | 12.5 |
| Scale quantities in a ratio | Ratio and proportion | 1.9% | 83.9 | 50 of 132 | 14.7 | 50.2 | 19.0 |
| Find a percentage of a quantity | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | 1.9% | 83.7 | 55 of 132 | 34.4 | 44.8 | 4.5 |
| Find a fraction of a quantity | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | 1.7% | 75.2 | 51 of 132 | 21.8 | 42.5 | 10.9 |
| Calculate perimeter | Measurement | 1.4% | 62.6 | 50 of 132 | 15.4 | 33.4 | 13.8 |
| Plot or read a coordinate | Geometry | 1.4% | 62.4 | 35 of 132 | 41 | 14.9 | 6.5 |
| Read place value | Number | 1.4% | 59.5 | 38 of 132 | 47.8 | 9.3 | 2.5 |
| Scale by a power of ten | Number | 1.3% | 58.2 | 29 of 132 | 28.6 | 25.6 | 4 |
| Calculate an arithmetic mean | Data handling | 1.3% | 55.6 | 35 of 132 | 23 | 24.5 | 8.1 |
| Read a table cell | Data handling | 1.2% | 52.0 | 36 of 132 | 20.8 | 26.1 | 5.1 |
| Recognise equivalent fractions | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | 1.2% | 51.7 | 43 of 132 | 11.8 | 34.8 | 5.1 |
| Identify line symmetry | Geometry | 1.0% | 44.2 | 32 of 132 | 12 | 26.8 | 5.4 |
| Convert fraction and decimal | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | 1.0% | 42.5 | 38 of 132 | 15.8 | 21.3 | 5.5 |
| Find a sequence term | Number | 1.0% | 42.5 | 30 of 132 | 2 | 27 | 13.5 |
| Identify a represented fraction | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | 0.9% | 40.5 | 37 of 132 | 16.6 | 22.4 | 1.5 |
| Read a bar-chart value | Data handling | 0.9% | 40.4 | 27 of 132 | 23.7 | 13.1 | 3.6 |
| Round to a stated place | Number | 0.9% | 38.7 | 21 of 132 | 31 | 6.7 | 1 |
| Compare table values | Data handling | 0.8% | 37 | 31 of 132 | 16.6 | 17.2 | 3.2 |
| Multiply fractions | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | 0.8% | 33.7 | 28 of 132 | 1.3 | 23.5 | 8.9 |
| Read a line-graph value | Data handling | 0.8% | 33.6 | 19 of 132 | 13.5 | 17.5 | 2.6 |
| Share a total in a ratio | Ratio and proportion | 0.7% | 32 | 24 of 132 | 0.3 | 22.3 | 9.4 |
| Interpret a pie-chart sector | Data handling | 0.7% | 28.9 | 18 of 132 | 5.7 | 20.9 | 2.3 |
| Classify an angle | Geometry | 0.5% | 22.9 | 17 of 132 | 9.3 | 13.1 | 0.5 |
| Compare bar-chart values | Data handling | 0.5% | 21.6 | 20 of 132 | 12.5 | 8 | 1.1 |
| Convert fraction and percentage | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | 0.4% | 19.0 | 19 of 132 | 5.0 | 12.9 | 1.0 |
| Locate an equivalent value | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | 0.4% | 18.6 | 13 of 132 | 4 | 13.6 | 1 |
| Use a term rule | Algebra | 0.4% | 18.2 | 15 of 132 | 4.1 | 11.4 | 2.7 |
| Compare line-graph change | Data handling | 0.4% | 17.1 | 13 of 132 | 0.5 | 15.1 | 1.5 |
| Reflect a shape | Geometry | 0.3% | 14 | 15 of 132 | 2 | 11.4 | 0.6 |
| Track cube faces from a net | Geometry | 0.3% | 12.5 | 10 of 132 | 0 | 8.8 | 3.7 |
| Identify a geometric transformation | Geometry | 0.3% | 12.4 | 7 of 132 | 0 | 12 | 0.4 |
| Reflect a coordinate | Geometry | 0.3% | 12.3 | 7 of 132 | 2 | 10.3 | 0 |
| Decode a pictogram key | Data handling | 0.2% | 7.8 | 10 of 132 | 2.1 | 5.7 | 0 |
| Identify a cube net | Geometry | 0.2% | 7.4 | 5 of 132 | 0 | 6.4 | 1 |
| Convert decimal and percentage | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | 0.2% | 7.3 | 14 of 132 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 0.6 |
| Translate a coordinate | Geometry | 0.1% | 5 | 3 of 132 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Compose coordinate transformations | Geometry | 0.1% | 3.6 | 5 of 132 | 0 | 3.3 | 0.3 |
| Rotate a shape | Geometry | 0.1% | 3.2 | 4 of 132 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.5 |
| Rotate a coordinate | Geometry | 0.0% | 1.6 | 2 of 132 | 0 | 1 | 0.6 |
| Preserve measure under a rigid transformation | Geometry | 0.0% | 1.3 | 3 of 132 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 |
85 of these 132 papers are still queued for a second read, so treat the smallest shares as rough. This describes the papers we have read, not a prediction of the next exam.
What this page can and cannot tell you
Every skill here was read off the paper itself, question by question, from a copy we can link you to. 34 papers use skill names that a specialist still needs to confirm. 173 papers are still queued for a second read. Those still count towards the year-by-year comparisons, and are drawn with a dotted line so you can tell them apart. We may not hold every paper a school has published, and nothing here predicts what the next exam will ask.
Narrow this down to the papers you care about
Focus every chart below on one publisher, exam board, area or school. Your choice is saved in the page address, so you can bookmark it or send it to someone.
Showing skills for All eligible papers and public resources. Filters are copied into the page URL so this view can be shared.
Granular skills in public resources by catalog year
These line charts describe the mix of atomic skills in classified familiarisation, sample, specimen, practice, and past-paper resources by their catalog year. They do not represent actual sitting-year exam composition and never produce rising or falling claims.
What a zero means here
A zero means we read papers covering that subject and not one of them asked for that skill. A blank means we have no fully read paper for that subject and year, so we do not know either way. We never write a zero where we simply have nothing.
Maths in practice material
Showing the 5 most common of 55 skills. A solid line has been checked, a dashed line uses a skill name awaiting confirmation, and a dotted line is queued for a second read.
- Solve a multi-step problemSecond read due
- Subtract whole numbers or decimalsSecond read due
- Solve an angle relationSecond read due
- Calculate a durationSecond read due
- Multiply whole numbers or decimalsSecond read due
| Catalog year | Solve a multi-step problem | Subtract whole numbers or decimals | Solve an angle relation | Calculate a duration | Multiply whole numbers or decimals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 40.5%13 fully classified papers; observed in 11; Familiarisation, Sample | 9.7%13 fully classified papers; observed in 8; Familiarisation, Sample | 7.0%13 fully classified papers; observed in 8; Familiarisation, Sample | 4.5%13 fully classified papers; observed in 6; Familiarisation, Sample | 4.4%13 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Sample |
| 2025 | 30.0%6 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 1.4%6 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 10.2%6 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 0.0%6 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 9.4%6 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample |
| 2024 | 27.6%13 fully classified papers; observed in 13; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 4.5%13 fully classified papers; observed in 10; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 1.0%13 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 2.1%13 fully classified papers; observed in 9; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 5.3%13 fully classified papers; observed in 13; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen |
| 2023 | 34.8%8 fully classified papers; observed in 8; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 2.3%8 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 2.9%8 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 1.2%8 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 9.0%8 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample |
| 2022 | 19.4%4 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample | 3.5%4 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample | 1.0%4 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper, Sample | 2.8%4 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Past paper, Sample | 2.7%4 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Past paper, Sample |
| 2021 | 26.9%7 fully classified papers; observed in 7; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 3.7%7 fully classified papers; observed in 6; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 1.6%7 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 2.4%7 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 3.6%7 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen |
| 2020 | 28.3%7 fully classified papers; observed in 7; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 3.3%7 fully classified papers; observed in 7; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 1.6%7 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 2.4%7 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 4.0%7 fully classified papers; observed in 6; Past paper, Sample, Specimen |
| 2019 | 27.8%7 fully classified papers; observed in 7; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 2.5%7 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 2.3%7 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 3.1%7 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 2.2%7 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Past paper, Sample, Specimen |
| 2018 | 14.7%6 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Familiarisation, Past paper, Practice, Sample | 1.9%6 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Past paper, Practice, Sample | 1.4%6 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper, Practice, Sample | 1.1%6 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper, Practice, Sample | 4.8%6 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Familiarisation, Past paper, Practice, Sample |
| 2017 | 25.8%5 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Past paper, Sample | 3.0%5 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Past paper, Sample | 2.3%5 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper, Sample | 1.5%5 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Past paper, Sample | 6.3%5 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Past paper, Sample |
| 2016 | 31.4%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper | 0.3%2 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper | 2.5%2 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper | 1.8%2 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper | 5.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper |
| 2014 | 15.6%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper | 2.5%2 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper | 2.6%2 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper | 2.9%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper | 6.3%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper |
| 2013 | 34.6%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Sample | 3.9%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Sample | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Sample | 2.6%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Sample | 3.9%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Sample |
English in practice material
Showing the 5 most common of 41 skills. A solid line has been checked, a dashed line uses a skill name awaiting confirmation, and a dotted line is queued for a second read.
- Plan for purpose and audienceSecond read due
- Retrieve an explicit detailSecond read due
- Infer a character stateSecond read due
- Interpret a word in contextSecond read due
- Select a synonymSecond read due
| Catalog year | Plan for purpose and audience | Retrieve an explicit detail | Infer a character state | Interpret a word in context | Select a synonym |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 17.4%14 fully classified papers; observed in 6; Familiarisation, Sample | 14.6%14 fully classified papers; observed in 10; Familiarisation, Sample | 10.7%14 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Familiarisation, Sample | 9.4%14 fully classified papers; observed in 8; Familiarisation, Sample | 9.3%14 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Sample |
| 2025 | 0.0%5 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 9.6%5 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 6.0%5 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 19.4%5 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 0.0%5 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample |
| 2024 | 0.9%9 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 16.0%9 fully classified papers; observed in 9; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 16.4%9 fully classified papers; observed in 9; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 15.6%9 fully classified papers; observed in 7; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 2.2%9 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample |
| 2023 | 0.6%11 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 24.8%11 fully classified papers; observed in 10; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 14.1%11 fully classified papers; observed in 8; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 11.1%11 fully classified papers; observed in 8; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample | 7.0%11 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample |
| 2022 | 1.1%5 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 16.1%5 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 24.3%5 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 15.6%5 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 0.0%5 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Past paper, Sample, Specimen |
| 2021 | 0.6%10 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 26.7%10 fully classified papers; observed in 8; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 10.6%10 fully classified papers; observed in 6; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 16.3%10 fully classified papers; observed in 7; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 2.8%10 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Past paper, Sample, Specimen |
| 2020 | 7.5%8 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 22.1%8 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 10.7%8 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 7.3%8 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample, Specimen | 6.9%8 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper, Sample, Specimen |
| 2019 | 6.7%6 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper, Sample | 12.5%6 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Past paper, Sample | 11.1%6 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample | 6.0%6 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample | 6.7%6 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper, Sample |
| 2018 | 1.7%6 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper, Sample | 22.7%6 fully classified papers; observed in 6; Past paper, Sample | 19.3%6 fully classified papers; observed in 6; Past paper, Sample | 6.4%6 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper, Sample | 1.9%6 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper, Sample |
| 2017 | 0.0%3 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Past paper, Sample | 20.3%3 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Past paper, Sample | 11.4%3 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Past paper, Sample | 4.3%3 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper, Sample | 5.8%3 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper, Sample |
| 2016 | 0.0%3 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Past paper | 21.7%3 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper | 24.9%3 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper | 11.8%3 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper | 0.0%3 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Past paper |
| 2014 | 0.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Past paper | 16.7%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper | 22.3%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper | 14.6%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper | 3.8%2 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper |
| 2013 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
Verbal reasoning in practice material
Showing the 5 most common of 26 skills. A solid line has been checked, a dashed line uses a skill name awaiting confirmation, and a dotted line is queued for a second read.
- Evaluate stated factsSecond read due
- Complete a verbal context gapSecond read due
- Decode a letter-word codeSecond read due
- Apply a number code ruleSecond read due
- Apply a word transformation ruleSecond read due
| Catalog year | Evaluate stated facts | Complete a verbal context gap | Decode a letter-word code | Apply a number code rule | Apply a word transformation rule |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 26.5%5 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Sample | 20.9%5 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Sample | 20.7%5 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Familiarisation, Sample | 16.9%5 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Sample | 10.0%5 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Sample |
| 2025 | 25.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Familiarisation | 12.5%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 12.5%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Familiarisation |
| 2024 | 11.3%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper | 5.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Past paper | 8.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper | 0.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Past paper | 2.6%2 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Past paper |
| 2023 | 6.7%3 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Past paper | 5.8%3 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Past paper | 6.7%3 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Past paper | 0.0%3 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Past paper | 10.8%3 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Past paper |
| 2022 | 3.0%5 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Past paper, Sample | 2.2%5 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Past paper, Sample | 26.5%5 fully classified papers; observed in 5; Past paper, Sample | 5.7%5 fully classified papers; observed in 3; Past paper, Sample | 1.8%5 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Past paper, Sample |
| 2021 | 12.5%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 12.5%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation |
| 2020 | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper |
| 2019 | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 8.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper |
| 2018 | 2.4%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Practice | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Practice | 7.3%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Practice | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Practice | 7.3%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Practice |
| 2017 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
| 2016 | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Past paper |
| 2014 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
| 2013 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
Non-verbal reasoning in practice material
Showing the 5 most common of 22 skills. A solid line has been checked, a dashed line uses a skill name awaiting confirmation, and a dotted line is queued for a second read.
- Compare visual attributesSecond read due
- Track fill and line styleSecond read due
- Combine visual layersSecond read due
- Complete a visual analogySecond read due
- Complete a visual matrixSecond read due
| Catalog year | Compare visual attributes | Track fill and line style | Combine visual layers | Complete a visual analogy | Complete a visual matrix |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 | 95.0%4 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Sample | 5.0%4 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Sample | 0.0%4 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Sample | 0.0%4 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Sample | 0.0%4 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Sample |
| 2025 | 50.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation |
| 2024 | 50.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 25.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Familiarisation | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Familiarisation |
| 2023 | 50.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation | 0.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation |
| 2022 | 26.6%7 fully classified papers; observed in 4; Familiarisation, Sample | 10.2%7 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation, Sample | 0.0%7 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation, Sample | 1.0%7 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Sample | 0.7%7 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation, Sample |
| 2021 | 26.4%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation | 12.5%2 fully classified papers; observed in 2; Familiarisation | 0.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 0.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 0; Familiarisation | 28.0%2 fully classified papers; observed in 1; Familiarisation |
| 2020 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
| 2019 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
| 2018 | 50.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Practice | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Practice | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Practice | 0.0%1 fully classified paper; observed in 0; Practice | 14.3%1 fully classified paper; observed in 1; Practice |
| 2017 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
| 2016 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
| 2014 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
| 2013 | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet | No paper read in full for this subject yet |
Public resource skill mix for one catalog year
Choose a catalog year and canonical subject to compare atomic skills across fully classified public resources. Each paper has equal weight. This is publication mix, not evidence about a sitting year or the direction of a live exam.
The bar chart shows the 12 largest equal-paper shares. The crawlable table below lists every atomic skill in the selected subject and catalog year, including honest zeroes.
Maths in this year’s practice material
| Skill | Topic | Checked? | Difficulty | Share of questions | Papers counted | Papers it appeared in | Types of paper |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Solve a multi-step problem | Problem solving | Second read due | All difficulties | 40.5% | 13 | 11 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Subtract whole numbers or decimals | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 9.7% | 13 | 8 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Solve an angle relation | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 7.0% | 13 | 8 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Calculate a duration | Measurement | Second read due | All difficulties | 4.5% | 13 | 6 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Multiply whole numbers or decimals | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 4.4% | 13 | 4 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Divide whole numbers or decimals | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 4.2% | 13 | 6 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Continue a number sequence | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 3.8% | 13 | 4 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Calculate area | Measurement | Second read due | All difficulties | 3.7% | 13 | 5 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Compare table values | Data handling | Second read due | All difficulties | 2.9% | 13 | 3 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Multiply fractions | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | Second read due | All difficulties | 2.7% | 13 | 3 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Convert units | Measurement | Second read due | All difficulties | 2.3% | 13 | 4 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Calculate a whole-number operation | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 2.0% | 13 | 4 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Share a total in a ratio | Ratio and proportion | Second read due | All difficulties | 1.5% | 13 | 2 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Evaluate a mixed expression | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 1.4% | 13 | 3 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Identify a represented fraction | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | Second read due | All difficulties | 1.3% | 13 | 2 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Recognise equivalent fractions | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | Second read due | All difficulties | 1.3% | 13 | 2 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Evaluate an algebraic expression | Algebra | Second read due | All difficulties | 1.1% | 13 | 2 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Identify a shape property | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 1.1% | 13 | 2 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Add whole numbers or decimals | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.8% | 13 | 3 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Read place value | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.8% | 13 | 2 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Solve a one-step number problem | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.7% | 13 | 2 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Track cube faces from a net | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.6% | 13 | 2 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Find a sequence term | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.6% | 13 | 1 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Identify a cube net | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.3% | 13 | 1 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Locate an equivalent value | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.3% | 13 | 1 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Scale quantities in a ratio | Ratio and proportion | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.3% | 13 | 1 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Calculate an arithmetic mean | Data handling | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.2% | 13 | 1 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Calculate perimeter | Measurement | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.1% | 13 | 1 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Plot or read a coordinate | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.1% | 13 | 1 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Classify an angle | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Compare and order numbers | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Compare bar-chart values | Data handling | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Compare line-graph change | Data handling | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Compose coordinate transformations | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Convert decimal and percentage | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Convert fraction and decimal | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Convert fraction and percentage | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Decode a pictogram key | Data handling | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Find a fraction of a quantity | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Find a percentage of a quantity | Fractions, decimals, and percentages | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Identify a geometric transformation | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Identify line symmetry | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Interpret a pie-chart sector | Data handling | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Preserve measure under a rigid transformation | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Read a bar-chart value | Data handling | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Read a line-graph value | Data handling | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Read a table cell | Data handling | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Reflect a coordinate | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Reflect a shape | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Rotate a coordinate | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Rotate a shape | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Round to a stated place | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Scale by a power of ten | Number | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Translate a coordinate | Geometry | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
| Use a term rule | Algebra | Second read due | All difficulties | 0.0% | 13 | 0 | Familiarisation, Sample |
Actual sitting-year exam evidence starts below
The following charts use only real past papers with an explicitly evidenced sitting year and a complete, publication-qualified corpus. Familiarisation, sample, specimen, and practice resources never fill a gap in this sitting-year view.
How hard the questions have been
Easy, medium, and hard are calibrated content-demand bands for a prepared 11+ learner across objective response items. They are not cohort success rates, age-standardised scores, or pass-mark evidence. Creative-writing prompts are classified paper by paper but excluded from this objective-item comparison. A missing year is unknown, while a published 0.0% is a measured zero in a completely classified corpus.
No complete-year difficulty evidence yet
Difficulty remains unknown until every eligible paper in a sitting-year corpus has a current terminal V8 classification.
How each skill has changed over time
Each plotted line is one atomic graph skill. Subjects organise the skills for navigation and context only; they are never plotted as series. A missing point is a gap in published evidence, never a zero.
Maths over time
No published Maths skill history
No complete, publication-qualified year currently carries a skill classification for this subject. That is unknown, not zero.
English over time
No published English skill history
No complete, publication-qualified year currently carries a skill classification for this subject. That is unknown, not zero.
Verbal reasoning over time
No published Verbal reasoning skill history
No complete, publication-qualified year currently carries a skill classification for this subject. That is unknown, not zero.
Non-verbal reasoning over time
No published Non-verbal reasoning skill history
No complete, publication-qualified year currently carries a skill classification for this subject. That is unknown, not zero.
Changes we can stand behind
These are the only changes backed by enough papers to be worth stating. They describe the papers we hold, and they do not predict the next exam.
No confirmed change for this paper group
This selection does not yet have enough confirmed sitting-year evidence for a rising, falling, or stable skill finding. Missing and withheld classifications remain unknown, not zero.
One exam year in detail
Choose a sitting year and canonical subject to compare atomic skills. Bars and the crawlable table use equal assessment-form shares. This does not plot aggregate subject shares.
No complete-year skill mix yet
No complete, publication-qualified sitting year currently has granular skill facts. Missing evidence is unknown, not zero.
The full list of 11+ skills
Every skill on this page comes from one fixed list: 144 separate skills, grouped into 31 topics.
English
41 skills7 concepts
Grammar, Language devices, Punctuation, Reading comprehension, Spelling, Vocabulary, Writing composition
Awaiting publishable question classifications
Verbal reasoning
26 skills10 concepts
Alphabet reasoning, Analogies, Classification, Codes, Word grids, Language reasoning, Deductive logic, Symbolic sequences, Vocabulary, Word formation
Awaiting publishable question classifications
Non-verbal reasoning
22 skills6 concepts
Visual attributes, Visual layering, Visual patterns, Visual position, Spatial reasoning, Visual transformations
Awaiting publishable question classifications
Catalog subject labels cannot be converted into skill claims. Concept and skill lines appear only after questions have been extracted, mapped to this graph, and passed the publication checks. 48 graph skills currently require specialist taxonomy review. High-confidence matches to those skills are published only as clearly labelled provisional evidence and never drive rising or falling signals.
Skill evidence and source archive by year
Year pages lead with published paper-level skill classifications. Catalog documents remain secondary source navigation and never become skill or subject trend lines.
- 2026 granular skills and source evidence
21 practice papers published this year; 21 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2025 granular skills and source evidence
10 practice papers published this year; 10 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2024 granular skills and source evidence
22 practice papers published this year; 22 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2023 granular skills and source evidence
20 practice papers published this year; 20 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2022 granular skills and source evidence
18 practice papers published this year; 18 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2021 granular skills and source evidence
19 practice papers published this year; 19 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2020 granular skills and source evidence
16 practice papers published this year; 16 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2019 granular skills and source evidence
10 practice papers published this year; 10 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2018 granular skills and source evidence
13 practice papers published this year; 13 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2017 granular skills and source evidence
8 practice papers published this year; 8 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2016 granular skills and source evidence
5 practice papers published this year; 5 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2014 granular skills and source evidence
4 practice papers published this year; 4 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
- 2013 granular skills and source evidence
1 practice paper published this year; 1 read all the way through. Actual sitting-year aggregate not published.
How a paper gets onto this page
A paper profile is published only when independently scorable response items are mapped to the pinned skill graph with current source-hash, taxonomy, coverage, and confidence evidence. A taxonomy-only review is retained as provisional evidence. Review-gated analysis never enters an actual sitting-year aggregate or directional signal. A fully classified review-gated resource may enter only the separately labelled catalog-year publication mix, where the whole aggregate inherits its provisional analysis tier. A blank skill or year remains unknown, not zero.
Time-series lines appear only for atomic skills in a complete publication-qualified sitting-year corpus. Every line keeps missing years disconnected. Provisional taxonomy lines are dashed and do not produce directional signals. The canonical subjects are navigation groups only, not values in a subject-share chart.
Familiarisation, sample, specimen, and practice papers are included only in the public-resource publication mix. They do not claim exam composition. They, undated files, and KS2 SATs remain excluded from the actual 11+ historical sitting-year corpus.
Current paper profiles cover 10681 classified response items. Ratios use classified items only, coverage exposes any unclassified remainder, and no profile implies independent human review.
Questions parents ask
Do easy, medium, and hard show how pupils performed?
No. They are calibrated content-demand bands for a prepared 11+ learner, based on the inspected question. They are not cohort success rates, age-standardised scores, pass marks, or predictions about a child.
Do these skill histories show what will be in the next 11+ exam?
No. Every published line describes an atomic skill mapped from independently scorable response items in the available assessment forms. Dashed lines are provisional taxonomy classifications and never drive directional signals. No line predicts a future exam or represents independent human review.
What does the year mean?
The page keeps two meanings separate. Public resources are grouped by their catalog or publication year. Actual exam trends use only a sitting year supported by explicit source evidence. A catalog year never fills a missing sitting-year value.
Are sample papers included?
Sample, specimen, familiarisation, and practice papers appear only in the separately labelled public-resource publication mix. They never enter actual sitting-year exam evidence. Undated records and KS2 SATs are excluded from both 11+ year views.
Turn a trend into a plan for your child
The free four-subject diagnostic shows which skills need attention now, instead of guessing from one paper or an incomplete archive.