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Practice material and real exams, side by side

2014 11+ past paper skills and sources

Practice material read

Practice material published in 2014, kept separate from papers children actually sat in 2014. The two are never mixed, because they answer different questions.

practice papers published this year
4
papers children sat this year
4
different skills found
40
questions sorted by skill
125

What this page can and cannot tell you

Every skill here was read off the paper itself, question by question, from a copy we can link you to. 2 papers are still queued for a second read. Those still count towards the year-by-year comparisons, and are drawn with a dotted line so you can tell them apart. We may not hold every paper a school has published, and nothing here predicts what the next exam will ask.

Practice material published in 2014

Booklets, sample papers and practice books published or listed in 2014. Each paper counts once, so a single thick practice book cannot dominate. This describes what was on offer that year, not what any school asked in the exam.

Maths in this year’s practice material

2014 Maths skills that year
SkillTopicChecked?DifficultyShare of questionsPapers countedPapers it appeared inTypes of paper
Solve a multi-step problemProblem solvingSecond read dueAll difficulties15.6%22Past paper
Solve a multi-step problemProblem solvingSecond read dueHarder12.2%22Past paper
Solve a one-step number problemNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties10.6%21Past paper
Scale quantities in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read dueAll difficulties7.6%22Past paper
Multiply whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties6.3%22Past paper
Continue a number sequenceNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties5.9%22Past paper
Add whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties5.5%22Past paper
Evaluate a mixed expressionNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties5.4%21Past paper
Calculate a whole-number operationNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties5.0%21Past paper
Calculate a whole-number operationNumberSecond read dueHarder5.0%21Past paper
Continue a number sequenceNumberSecond read dueMiddling4.9%22Past paper
Scale quantities in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read dueHarder4.1%22Past paper
Solve a one-step number problemNumberSecond read dueMiddling4.1%21Past paper
Multiply whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueMiddling3.8%22Past paper
Solve a one-step number problemNumberSecond read dueEasier3.8%21Past paper
Compare and order numbersNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties3.8%22Past paper
Add whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueEasier3.7%22Past paper
Divide whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties3.3%22Past paper
Convert fraction and decimalFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueAll difficulties3.3%21Past paper
Convert fraction and decimalFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueMiddling3.3%21Past paper
Read place valueNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties3.0%22Past paper
Read place valueNumberSecond read dueEasier3.0%22Past paper
Calculate a durationMeasurementSecond read dueAll difficulties2.9%22Past paper
Read a table cellData handlingSecond read dueAll difficulties2.7%21Past paper
Solve a one-step number problemNumberSecond read dueHarder2.7%21Past paper
Solve a multi-step problemProblem solvingSecond read dueMiddling2.6%22Past paper
Solve an angle relationGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties2.6%21Past paper
Calculate an arithmetic meanData handlingSecond read dueAll difficulties2.5%21Past paper
Calculate an arithmetic meanData handlingSecond read dueHarder2.5%21Past paper
Compare and order numbersNumberSecond read dueEasier2.5%21Past paper
Find a percentage of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueAll difficulties2.5%21Past paper
Find a percentage of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueMiddling2.5%21Past paper
Multiply whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueEasier2.5%21Past paper
Scale quantities in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read dueMiddling2.5%21Past paper
Subtract whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties2.5%21Past paper
Subtract whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueEasier2.5%21Past paper
Evaluate a mixed expressionNumberSecond read dueHarder2.4%21Past paper
Read a line-graph valueData handlingSecond read dueAll difficulties2.4%21Past paper
Calculate a durationMeasurementSecond read dueMiddling2.4%22Past paper
Divide whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueMiddling2.1%22Past paper
Read a line-graph valueData handlingSecond read dueEasier2.0%21Past paper
Read a table cellData handlingSecond read dueEasier2.0%21Past paper
Add whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueMiddling1.8%21Past paper
Evaluate a mixed expressionNumberSecond read dueMiddling1.8%21Past paper
Compare line-graph changeData handlingSecond read dueAll difficulties1.6%21Past paper
Compare line-graph changeData handlingSecond read dueMiddling1.6%21Past paper
Scale by a power of tenNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties1.4%21Past paper
Compare and order numbersNumberSecond read dueMiddling1.3%21Past paper
Evaluate a mixed expressionNumberSecond read dueEasier1.2%21Past paper
Scale by a power of tenNumberSecond read dueMiddling1.1%21Past paper
Continue a number sequenceNumberSecond read dueHarder1.0%21Past paper
Convert unitsMeasurementSecond read dueAll difficulties1.0%21Past paper
Convert unitsMeasurementSecond read dueMiddling1.0%21Past paper
Scale quantities in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read dueEasier1.0%21Past paper
Solve an angle relationGeometrySecond read dueEasier1.0%21Past paper
Solve an angle relationGeometrySecond read dueMiddling1.0%21Past paper
Solve a multi-step problemProblem solvingSecond read dueEasier0.8%21Past paper
Calculate areaMeasurementSecond read dueAll difficulties0.8%21Past paper
Calculate areaMeasurementSecond read dueHarder0.8%21Past paper
Divide whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueEasier0.7%21Past paper
Compare table valuesData handlingSecond read dueAll difficulties0.6%21Past paper
Compare table valuesData handlingSecond read dueHarder0.6%21Past paper
Solve an angle relationGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.6%21Past paper
Calculate a durationMeasurementSecond read dueHarder0.5%21Past paper
Calculate perimeterMeasurementSecond read dueAll difficulties0.5%21Past paper
Calculate perimeterMeasurementSecond read dueHarder0.5%21Past paper
Convert decimal and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.5%21Past paper
Convert decimal and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueMiddling0.5%21Past paper
Divide whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueHarder0.5%21Past paper
Evaluate an algebraic expressionAlgebraSecond read dueAll difficulties0.4%21Past paper
Evaluate an algebraic expressionAlgebraSecond read dueHarder0.4%21Past paper
Read a line-graph valueData handlingSecond read dueMiddling0.4%21Past paper
Read a table cellData handlingSecond read dueMiddling0.4%21Past paper
Read a table cellData handlingSecond read dueHarder0.3%21Past paper
Scale by a power of tenNumberSecond read dueEasier0.3%21Past paper
Add whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Calculate a durationMeasurementSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Calculate a whole-number operationNumberSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Calculate a whole-number operationNumberSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Calculate an arithmetic meanData handlingSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Calculate an arithmetic meanData handlingSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Calculate areaMeasurementSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Calculate areaMeasurementSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Calculate perimeterMeasurementSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Calculate perimeterMeasurementSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Classify an angleGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Classify an angleGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Classify an angleGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Classify an angleGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Compare and order numbersNumberSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Compare bar-chart valuesData handlingSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Compare bar-chart valuesData handlingSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Compare bar-chart valuesData handlingSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Compare bar-chart valuesData handlingSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Compare line-graph changeData handlingSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Compare line-graph changeData handlingSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Compare table valuesData handlingSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Compare table valuesData handlingSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Compose coordinate transformationsGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Compose coordinate transformationsGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Compose coordinate transformationsGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Compose coordinate transformationsGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Continue a number sequenceNumberSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Convert decimal and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Convert decimal and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Convert fraction and decimalFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Convert fraction and decimalFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Convert fraction and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Convert fraction and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Convert fraction and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Convert fraction and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Convert unitsMeasurementSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Convert unitsMeasurementSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Decode a pictogram keyData handlingSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Decode a pictogram keyData handlingSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Decode a pictogram keyData handlingSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Decode a pictogram keyData handlingSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Evaluate an algebraic expressionAlgebraSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Evaluate an algebraic expressionAlgebraSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Find a fraction of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Find a fraction of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Find a fraction of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Find a fraction of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Find a percentage of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Find a percentage of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Find a sequence termNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Find a sequence termNumberSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Find a sequence termNumberSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Find a sequence termNumberSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify a cube netGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify a cube netGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify a cube netGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify a cube netGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify a geometric transformationGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify a geometric transformationGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify a geometric transformationGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify a geometric transformationGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify a represented fractionFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify a represented fractionFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify a represented fractionFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify a represented fractionFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify a shape propertyGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify a shape propertyGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify a shape propertyGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify a shape propertyGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify line symmetryGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify line symmetryGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify line symmetryGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify line symmetryGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Interpret a pie-chart sectorData handlingSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Interpret a pie-chart sectorData handlingSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Interpret a pie-chart sectorData handlingSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Interpret a pie-chart sectorData handlingSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Locate an equivalent valueFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Locate an equivalent valueFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Locate an equivalent valueFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Locate an equivalent valueFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Multiply fractionsFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Multiply fractionsFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Multiply fractionsFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Multiply fractionsFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Multiply whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Plot or read a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Plot or read a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Plot or read a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Plot or read a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Preserve measure under a rigid transformationGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Preserve measure under a rigid transformationGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Preserve measure under a rigid transformationGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Preserve measure under a rigid transformationGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Read a bar-chart valueData handlingSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Read a bar-chart valueData handlingSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Read a bar-chart valueData handlingSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Read a bar-chart valueData handlingSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Read a line-graph valueData handlingSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Read place valueNumberSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Read place valueNumberSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Recognise equivalent fractionsFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Recognise equivalent fractionsFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Recognise equivalent fractionsFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Recognise equivalent fractionsFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Reflect a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Reflect a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Reflect a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Reflect a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Reflect a shapeGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Reflect a shapeGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Reflect a shapeGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Reflect a shapeGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Rotate a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Rotate a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Rotate a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Rotate a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Rotate a shapeGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Rotate a shapeGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Rotate a shapeGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Rotate a shapeGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Round to a stated placeNumberSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Round to a stated placeNumberSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Round to a stated placeNumberSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Round to a stated placeNumberSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Scale by a power of tenNumberSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Share a total in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Share a total in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Share a total in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Share a total in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Subtract whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Subtract whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Track cube faces from a netGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Track cube faces from a netGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Track cube faces from a netGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Track cube faces from a netGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Translate a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Translate a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Translate a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Translate a coordinateGeometrySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Use a term ruleAlgebraSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Use a term ruleAlgebraSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Use a term ruleAlgebraSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Use a term ruleAlgebraSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper

English in this year’s practice material

2014 English skills that year
SkillTopicChecked?DifficultyShare of questionsPapers countedPapers it appeared inTypes of paper
Infer implicit meaningReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties26.5%22Past paper
Infer a character stateReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties22.3%22Past paper
Retrieve an explicit detailReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties16.7%22Past paper
Interpret a word in contextReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties14.6%22Past paper
Infer implicit meaningReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder14.6%22Past paper
Interpret a word in contextReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling13.3%22Past paper
Infer implicit meaningReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling11.9%22Past paper
Infer a character stateReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder11.6%22Past paper
Infer a character stateReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling10.0%21Past paper
Retrieve an explicit detailReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling8.5%22Past paper
Resolve an irregular spellingSpellingSecond read dueAll difficulties6.3%21Past paper
Retrieve an explicit detailReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier5.2%22Past paper
Resolve an irregular spellingSpellingSecond read dueMiddling5.0%21Past paper
Select a synonymVocabularySecond read dueAll difficulties3.8%21Past paper
Select a synonymVocabularySecond read dueMiddling3.8%21Past paper
Retrieve an explicit detailReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder3.0%21Past paper
Classify a word in contextGrammarSecond read dueAll difficulties2.5%21Past paper
Classify a word in contextGrammarSecond read dueEasier1.3%21Past paper
Classify a word in contextGrammarSecond read dueMiddling1.3%21Past paper
Distinguish contraction and possessionGrammarSecond read dueAll difficulties1.3%21Past paper
Distinguish contraction and possessionGrammarSecond read dueMiddling1.3%21Past paper
Interpret a word in contextReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier1.3%21Past paper
Match subject and verbGrammarSecond read dueAll difficulties1.3%21Past paper
Match subject and verbGrammarSecond read dueMiddling1.3%21Past paper
Punctuate direct speechPunctuationSecond read dueAll difficulties1.3%21Past paper
Punctuate direct speechPunctuationSecond read dueMiddling1.3%21Past paper
Punctuate parenthesisPunctuationSecond read dueAll difficulties1.3%21Past paper
Punctuate parenthesisPunctuationSecond read dueMiddling1.3%21Past paper
Resolve an irregular spellingSpellingSecond read dueEasier1.3%21Past paper
Select a clause connectorGrammarSecond read dueAll difficulties1.3%21Past paper
Select a clause connectorGrammarSecond read dueMiddling1.3%21Past paper
Use capital lettersPunctuationSecond read dueAll difficulties1.3%21Past paper
Use capital lettersPunctuationSecond read dueEasier1.3%21Past paper
Infer a character stateReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier0.7%21Past paper
Apply a prefix or suffixSpellingSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Apply a prefix or suffixSpellingSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Apply a prefix or suffixSpellingSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Apply a prefix or suffixSpellingSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Classify a word in contextGrammarSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Classify a word relationshipVocabularySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Classify a word relationshipVocabularySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Classify a word relationshipVocabularySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Classify a word relationshipVocabularySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Complete a finite clauseGrammarSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Complete a finite clauseGrammarSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Complete a finite clauseGrammarSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Complete a finite clauseGrammarSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish a phrase and clauseGrammarSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish a phrase and clauseGrammarSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish a phrase and clauseGrammarSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish a phrase and clauseGrammarSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish contraction and possessionGrammarSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish contraction and possessionGrammarSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish fact and opinionReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish fact and opinionReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish fact and opinionReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Distinguish fact and opinionReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Expand a common abbreviationLanguage devicesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Expand a common abbreviationLanguage devicesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Expand a common abbreviationLanguage devicesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Expand a common abbreviationLanguage devicesSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Form a pluralSpellingSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Form a pluralSpellingSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Form a pluralSpellingSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Form a pluralSpellingSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify a main ideaReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify a main ideaReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify a main ideaReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify a main ideaReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify a sound deviceLanguage devicesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify a sound deviceLanguage devicesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify a sound deviceLanguage devicesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify a sound deviceLanguage devicesSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify a themeReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify a themeReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify a themeReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify a themeReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify figurative languageLanguage devicesSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify figurative languageLanguage devicesSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify figurative languageLanguage devicesSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify figurative languageLanguage devicesSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify textual moodReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify textual moodReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify textual moodReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify textual moodReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify writer purposeReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify writer purposeReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify writer purposeReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify writer purposeReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Identify writer viewpointReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Identify writer viewpointReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Identify writer viewpointReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Identify writer viewpointReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Infer implicit meaningReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Interpret a word in contextReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Maintain consistent tenseGrammarSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Maintain consistent tenseGrammarSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Maintain consistent tenseGrammarSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Maintain consistent tenseGrammarSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Mark a sentence boundaryPunctuationSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Mark a sentence boundaryPunctuationSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Mark a sentence boundaryPunctuationSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Mark a sentence boundaryPunctuationSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Mark possessionPunctuationSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Mark possessionPunctuationSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Mark possessionPunctuationSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Mark possessionPunctuationSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Match subject and verbGrammarSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Match subject and verbGrammarSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Order sentence elementsGrammarSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Order sentence elementsGrammarSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Order sentence elementsGrammarSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Order sentence elementsGrammarSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Organise an argumentWriting compositionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Organise an argumentWriting compositionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Organise an argumentWriting compositionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Organise an argumentWriting compositionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Plan for purpose and audienceWriting compositionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Plan for purpose and audienceWriting compositionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Plan for purpose and audienceWriting compositionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Plan for purpose and audienceWriting compositionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate a fronted adverbialPunctuationSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate a fronted adverbialPunctuationSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate a fronted adverbialPunctuationSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate a fronted adverbialPunctuationSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate a listPunctuationSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate a listPunctuationSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate a listPunctuationSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate a listPunctuationSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate direct addressPunctuationSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate direct addressPunctuationSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate direct addressPunctuationSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate direct addressPunctuationSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate direct speechPunctuationSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate direct speechPunctuationSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate parenthesisPunctuationSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Punctuate parenthesisPunctuationSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Resolve a homophoneVocabularySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Resolve a homophoneVocabularySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Resolve a homophoneVocabularySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Resolve a homophoneVocabularySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Resolve an irregular spellingSpellingSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Select a clause connectorGrammarSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Select a clause connectorGrammarSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Select a pronoun formGrammarSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Select a pronoun formGrammarSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Select a pronoun formGrammarSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Select a pronoun formGrammarSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Select a synonymVocabularySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Select a synonymVocabularySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Select an antonymVocabularySecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Select an antonymVocabularySecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Select an antonymVocabularySecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Select an antonymVocabularySecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Sequence passage eventsReading comprehensionSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Sequence passage eventsReading comprehensionSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Sequence passage eventsReading comprehensionSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Sequence passage eventsReading comprehensionSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Use a colonPunctuationSecond read dueAll difficulties0.0%20Past paper
Use a colonPunctuationSecond read dueEasier0.0%20Past paper
Use a colonPunctuationSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Use a colonPunctuationSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper
Use capital lettersPunctuationSecond read dueHarder0.0%20Past paper
Use capital lettersPunctuationSecond read dueMiddling0.0%20Past paper

Contributing public resource profiles

Skills found in each paper
PaperSitting yearCatalog yearResource kindSubjectSkill tagConceptClassificationWithin-subject shareItems carrying tagWeighted itemsEasy weighted itemsMedium weighted itemsHard weighted itemsCoverage
English Section B comprehension past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInfer a character stateReading comprehensionChecked42%11 of 156.30.233.1100%
English Section B comprehension past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInfer implicit meaningReading comprehensionChecked28%8 of 154.203.21100%
English Section B comprehension past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInterpret a word in contextReading comprehensionChecked6.7%2 of 151010100%
English Section B comprehension past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishRetrieve an explicit detailReading comprehensionChecked23.3%9 of 153.50.81.80.9100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishClassify a word in contextGrammarSecond read due5%2 of 402110100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishDistinguish contraction and possessionGrammarSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInfer a character stateReading comprehensionSecond read due2.5%1 of 401001100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInfer implicit meaningReading comprehensionSecond read due25%10 of 4010019100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInterpret a word in contextReading comprehensionSecond read due22.5%9 of 409180100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishMatch subject and verbGrammarSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishPunctuate direct speechPunctuationSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishPunctuate parenthesisPunctuationSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishResolve an irregular spellingSpellingSecond read due12.5%5 of 405140100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishRetrieve an explicit detailReading comprehensionSecond read due10%4 of 404220100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishSelect a clause connectorGrammarSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishSelect a synonymVocabularySecond read due7.5%3 of 403030100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishUse capital lettersPunctuationSecond read due2.5%1 of 401100100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsAdd whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read due5%1 of 201100100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate a durationMeasurementSecond read due3.5%1 of 200.700.70100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate a whole-number operationNumberSecond read due10%2 of 202002100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate an arithmetic meanData handlingSecond read due5%1 of 201001100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate areaMeasurementSecond read due1.5%1 of 200.3000.3100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate perimeterMeasurementSecond read due1%1 of 200.2000.2100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCompare and order numbersNumberSecond read due2.5%1 of 200.500.50100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsContinue a number sequenceNumberSecond read due5%1 of 201010100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsConvert decimal and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read due1%1 of 200.200.20100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsConvert fraction and decimalFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read due6.5%2 of 201.301.30100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsConvert unitsMeasurementSecond read due2%1 of 200.400.40100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsDivide whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read due3%1 of 200.600.60100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsFind a percentage of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read due5%1 of 201010100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsMultiply whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read due10%2 of 202110100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsRead place valueNumberSecond read due5%1 of 201100100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsScale quantities in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read due10%2 of 202011100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSolve a multi-step problemProblem solvingSecond read due19%5 of 203.800.33.5100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSubtract whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read due5%1 of 201100100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsAdd whole numbers or decimalsNumberChecked6%5 of 5031.21.80100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate a durationMeasurementChecked2.2%2 of 501.100.60.5100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCompare and order numbersNumberChecked5%3 of 502.52.500100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCompare line-graph changeData handlingChecked3.2%2 of 501.601.60100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCompare table valuesData handlingChecked1.2%1 of 500.6000.6100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsContinue a number sequenceNumberChecked6.8%4 of 503.402.41100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsDivide whole numbers or decimalsNumberChecked3.6%3 of 501.80.70.60.5100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsEvaluate a mixed expressionNumberChecked10.8%9 of 505.41.21.82.4100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsEvaluate an algebraic expressionAlgebraChecked0.8%1 of 500.4000.4100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsMultiply whole numbers or decimalsNumberChecked2.6%2 of 501.301.30100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsRead a line-graph valueData handlingChecked4.8%3 of 502.420.40100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsRead a table cellData handlingChecked5.4%4 of 502.720.40.3100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsRead place valueNumberChecked1%1 of 500.50.500100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsScale by a power of tenNumberChecked2.8%4 of 501.40.31.10100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsScale quantities in a ratioRatio and proportionChecked5.2%3 of 502.6101.6100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSolve a multi-step problemProblem solvingChecked12.2%17 of 506.10.81.93.4100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSolve a one-step number problemNumberChecked21.2%13 of 5010.63.84.12.7100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSolve an angle relationGeometryChecked5.2%3 of 502.6110.6100%

2014 actual sitting-year skill tags by analyzed paper

Papers that children actually sat in 2014. A 2014 date printed on a practice book does not put it in this section.

Skills found in each paper
PaperSitting yearCatalog yearResource kindSubjectSkill tagConceptClassificationWithin-subject shareItems carrying tagWeighted itemsEasy weighted itemsMedium weighted itemsHard weighted itemsCoverage
English Section B comprehension past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInfer a character stateReading comprehensionChecked42%11 of 156.30.233.1100%
English Section B comprehension past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInfer implicit meaningReading comprehensionChecked28%8 of 154.203.21100%
English Section B comprehension past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInterpret a word in contextReading comprehensionChecked6.7%2 of 151010100%
English Section B comprehension past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishRetrieve an explicit detailReading comprehensionChecked23.3%9 of 153.50.81.80.9100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishClassify a word in contextGrammarSecond read due5%2 of 402110100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishDistinguish contraction and possessionGrammarSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInfer a character stateReading comprehensionSecond read due2.5%1 of 401001100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInfer implicit meaningReading comprehensionSecond read due25%10 of 4010019100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishInterpret a word in contextReading comprehensionSecond read due22.5%9 of 409180100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishMatch subject and verbGrammarSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishPunctuate direct speechPunctuationSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishPunctuate parenthesisPunctuationSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishResolve an irregular spellingSpellingSecond read due12.5%5 of 405140100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishRetrieve an explicit detailReading comprehensionSecond read due10%4 of 404220100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishSelect a clause connectorGrammarSecond read due2.5%1 of 401010100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishSelect a synonymVocabularySecond read due7.5%3 of 403030100%
English Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperEnglishUse capital lettersPunctuationSecond read due2.5%1 of 401100100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsAdd whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read due5%1 of 201100100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate a durationMeasurementSecond read due3.5%1 of 200.700.70100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate a whole-number operationNumberSecond read due10%2 of 202002100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate an arithmetic meanData handlingSecond read due5%1 of 201001100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate areaMeasurementSecond read due1.5%1 of 200.3000.3100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate perimeterMeasurementSecond read due1%1 of 200.2000.2100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCompare and order numbersNumberSecond read due2.5%1 of 200.500.50100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsContinue a number sequenceNumberSecond read due5%1 of 201010100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsConvert decimal and percentageFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read due1%1 of 200.200.20100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsConvert fraction and decimalFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read due6.5%2 of 201.301.30100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsConvert unitsMeasurementSecond read due2%1 of 200.400.40100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsDivide whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read due3%1 of 200.600.60100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsFind a percentage of a quantityFractions, decimals, and percentagesSecond read due5%1 of 201010100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsMultiply whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read due10%2 of 202110100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsRead place valueNumberSecond read due5%1 of 201100100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsScale quantities in a ratioRatio and proportionSecond read due10%2 of 202011100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSolve a multi-step problemProblem solvingSecond read due19%5 of 203.800.33.5100%
Arithmetic Section A past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSubtract whole numbers or decimalsNumberSecond read due5%1 of 201100100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsAdd whole numbers or decimalsNumberChecked6%5 of 5031.21.80100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCalculate a durationMeasurementChecked2.2%2 of 501.100.60.5100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCompare and order numbersNumberChecked5%3 of 502.52.500100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCompare line-graph changeData handlingChecked3.2%2 of 501.601.60100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsCompare table valuesData handlingChecked1.2%1 of 500.6000.6100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsContinue a number sequenceNumberChecked6.8%4 of 503.402.41100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsDivide whole numbers or decimalsNumberChecked3.6%3 of 501.80.70.60.5100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsEvaluate a mixed expressionNumberChecked10.8%9 of 505.41.21.82.4100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsEvaluate an algebraic expressionAlgebraChecked0.8%1 of 500.4000.4100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsMultiply whole numbers or decimalsNumberChecked2.6%2 of 501.301.30100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsRead a line-graph valueData handlingChecked4.8%3 of 502.420.40100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsRead a table cellData handlingChecked5.4%4 of 502.720.40.3100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsRead place valueNumberChecked1%1 of 500.50.500100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsScale by a power of tenNumberChecked2.8%4 of 501.40.31.10100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsScale quantities in a ratioRatio and proportionChecked5.2%3 of 502.6101.6100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSolve a multi-step problemProblem solvingChecked12.2%17 of 506.10.81.93.4100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSolve a one-step number problemNumberChecked21.2%13 of 5010.63.84.12.7100%
Arithmetic Section B past paper 201420142014Past paperMathsSolve an angle relationGeometryChecked5.2%3 of 502.6110.6100%

Year-wide skill trends are still withheld

These paper profiles are useful individually, but the complete eligible 2014 corpus has not qualified. No year-wide share or trend line is published until the remaining papers are classified or explicitly resolved.

Actual past-paper sources and archive records for 2014

Secondary catalog navigation for 4 dated documents. These records show source availability only and do not supply missing skill values. Providers: The Manchester Grammar School.

Questions parents ask

Do easy, medium, and hard show how pupils performed?

No. They are calibrated content-demand bands for a prepared 11+ learner, based on the inspected question. They are not cohort success rates, age-standardised scores, pass marks, or predictions about a child.

Do these skill histories show what will be in the next 11+ exam?

No. Every published line describes an atomic skill mapped from independently scorable response items in the available assessment forms. Dashed lines are provisional taxonomy classifications and never drive directional signals. No line predicts a future exam or represents independent human review.

What does the year mean?

The page keeps two meanings separate. Public resources are grouped by their catalog or publication year. Actual exam trends use only a sitting year supported by explicit source evidence. A catalog year never fills a missing sitting-year value.

Are sample papers included?

Sample, specimen, familiarisation, and practice papers appear only in the separately labelled public-resource publication mix. They never enter actual sitting-year exam evidence. Undated records and KS2 SATs are excluded from both 11+ year views.

Turn a trend into a plan for your child

The free four-subject diagnostic shows which skills need attention now, instead of guessing from one paper or an incomplete archive.